#Anatomy And Physiology Learning Games Series Of Prescribed

Any science subject.From the late 1700s to the mid-1800s, three nationsвЂ“Germany, Sweden, and EnglandвЂ“influenced the early development of physical education in the United States. For extensive chapter by chapter contents of this course, read the Anatomy and Physiology Course Guidebook (64-Pages eBook).Interactive video, hands-on learning with sensors, or interactive simulations: youll have the best tool for every teaching scenario. Course Description: This integrated A&P course provides visual learning on both human anatomy and essential physiology, with anatomical coverage on 11 human organ systems. RL204: Anatomy and Physiology.

Anatomy And Physiology Learning Games Series Of Prescribed

The influence of these three nations laid the foundation for sport and physical education in America.NEW StudyWARE Connection feature adds learning opportunities such as practice quizzes, animations, image labeling and other interactive games included on the accompanying CD-ROM. The English brought sports and games to America with a system that stressed moral development through participation in physical activities. In contrast, the Swedish system of exercise promoted health through the performance of a series of prescribed movement patterns with light apparatus (e.g., wands, climbing ropes).

She also advocated the inclusion of daily physical education in public schools. In 1824 Catherine Beecher, founder of the Hartford Female Seminary, included calisthenics in her school's curriculum and 'was the first American to design a program of exercise for American children' (Lumpkin, p. The Round Hill School, a private school established in 1823 in Northampton, Massachusetts, was the first to include physical education as an integral part of the curriculum.

All of these schools offered a strong background in the sciences that included courses in anatomy and physiology, with many of the early professors holding medical degrees.In 1893 Thomas Wood stated that 'the great thought of physical education is not the education of the physical nature, but the relation of physical training to complete education, and then the effort to make the physical contribute its full share to the life of the individual' (National Education Association, p. It was also during this time that several normal schools (training schools for physical education teachers) were established. In the profession's early years, between 18, there were several debates, referred to as the Battle of the Systems, regarding which system (American, Swedish, German, or English) could best provide a national physical education program for America.During the 1890s traditional education was challenged by John Dewey and his colleagues, whose educational reforms led to the expansion of the 'three R's' to include physical education. Beecher's influence started the American system of exercise, and, along with her contemporaries Dio Lewis, Edward Hitchcock, and Dudley Allen Sargent, she was an early leader in physical education.

RationaleIn the 1990s three national reportsвЂ“ The Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health (1996), Healthy People 2000 (1990), and the CDC's Guidelines for School and Community Programs (1997)вЂ“have focused on the deplorable physical condition of Americans. However, since the 1970s the number of schools offering daily physical education has drastically decreasedвЂ“1995 statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show a drop from 43 percent in 1991 to 25 percent in 1995. Today, many physical education programs emphasize overall fitness, referred to as wellness, as well as skill development. As a result of this report, the President's Council on Physical Fitness was established to help combat the falling fitness levels of America's youth.During the 1950s and the 1960s, physical education at the elementary level experienced tremendous growth. Similar curricular shifts were noted in 1953 when the Kraus-Weber study found that American children were far less fit than their European counterparts. For example, as a result of the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the United States' entrance into World War II, the emphasis in physical education shifted from games and sport to physical conditioning.

Further, Jensen points out the strong relationship of the cerebellum to memory, perception, language, and decision-making, citing physical activity as a way to enhance cognition. Eric Jensen's 1998 research revealed that the cerebellum is not solely dedicated to motor activity, but includes both cognitive and sensory operations. Edwin Bencraft (1999) found that 'sensory and motor experiences play a prominent role in reinforcing вЂ¦ synaptic connections and neural pathways' (p. There is a growing body of research that supports the important relationship between physical activity and brain development and cognitive performance. Healthy People 2000 recommended the increase of daily physical education to a level of at least 50 percent of students in public schools by the year 2000.In addition to the health benefits, cognitive performance can also be enhanced through physical education. Physical education is the major vehicle for improving the health and fitness of the nations' youth.

The movement-based curriculum proposed and adapted by George Graham, Shirley Ann Holt/Hale, and Melissa Parker in 1998 introduces skill themes (fundamental motor patterns) and movement concepts that describe how a movement is performed (e.g., speed, direction, relationship). In general, the curriculum should consist of: (a) instruction in a variety of developmentally appropriate motor skills that challenge students to develop physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally (b) fitness activities that educate and help students understand and improve or maintain optimal fitness levels (c) instruction in concepts that lead to a better understanding of motor skills and fitness development (d) opportunities to engage in experiences that enhance cooperation and develop multicultural awareness and (e) experiences that foster the desire for lifelong participation in physical activity.More specifically, the elementary curriculum should include many enjoyable activities that lead to the acquisition and refinement of fundamental motor patterns (e.g., running, skipping, jumping, catching, throwing, striking, balancing) that can be applied in game, sport, dance, and gymnastics contexts. CurriculumAccording to the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD), a quality physical education program for grades KвЂ“12 includes instructional periods totaling at least 150 minutes per week at the elementary level and 225 minutes at the secondary level, qualified physical education specialists, and adequate equipment and facilities. The challenge to physical educators will be to implement programs that address the health crisis while building the child's mind through physical activity.